In-situ X-Ray observations and thermal modeling of unidirectional and bidirectional freeze casting

Freeze casting is a cost effective, efficient, and versatile technique capable of producing 3D structures with controlled pore shapes, orientation crystals, components' geometries in many porous materials. hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been widely applied to bone tissue engineering due HAP's biodegradable, biocompatible, osteoconductive properties. It provides interconnected relatively high mechanical strength. However, there are still unexplained phenomena features because the complexity process. This study demonstrates use X-ray synchrotron micro-radiography for providing time-resolved, in-situ imaging ice crystal growth HAP suspensions. The experimental results show behavior under unidirectional bidirectional freeze conditions. finite element modeling (FEM) process used predict development front position temperature gradient suspensions during casting.